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1. American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2005 Update. Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association; 2005.

 

 

2. American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2006 Update. Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association; 2006.

 

 

3. Mosca L, Ferris A, Fabunmi R, Robertson RM. Tracking women’s awareness of heart disease: an American Heart Association National Study. Circulation. 2004;109:573-579.

 

 

4. Lloyd-Jones DM, Larson MG, Beiser A, Levy D. Lifetime risk of developing coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1999;353:89-92.

 

 

5. Wenger NK. Clinical characteristics of coronary heart disease in women: emphasis on gender differences. Cardiovasc Res. 2002;53:558-567.

 

 

6. Yawn BP, Wollan PC, Jacobsen SJ, Fryer GE, Roger VL. Identification of women’s coronary heart disease and risk factors prior to first myocardial infarction. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004;13:1087-1100.

 

 

7. Mieres JH, Shaw LJ, Hendel RC, et al. A report of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology Task Force on Women and Heart Disease (Writing Group on Perfusion Imaging in Women). J Nucl Cardiol. 2003;10:95-101.

 

 

8. Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Kiat H, et al. Effective risk stratification using exercise myocardial perfusion SPECT in women: gender-related differences in prognostic nuclear testing. J Am Coll Cardiol.1996;28:34-44.

 

 

9. Isaac D, Walling A. Clinical evaluation of women with ischemic heart disease: diagnosis and noninvasive testing. Can J Cardiol. 2001;17(suppl D):38D-48D.

 

 

10. Cerqueira MD. Diagnostic testing strategies for coronary artery disease: special issues related to gender. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:52D-60D.

 

 

11. American Heart Association. Heart and Stroke Facts. Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association; 2001.

 

 

12. Kannel WB, Hjortland MC, McNamara PM, Gordon T. Menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study. Ann Intern Med. 1976;85:447-452.

 

 

13. Gohlke-Barwolf C. Coronary artery disease – is menopause a risk factor? Basic Res Cardiol. 2000;95(suppl 1):I77-I83.

 

 

14. Lerner DJ, Kannel WB. Patterns of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in the sexes: a 26-year follow-up of the Framingham population. Am Heart J. 1986;111:383-390.

 

 

15. Wenger NK. Coronary heart disease in women: evolving knowledge is dramatically changing clinical care. In: Julian DG, Wenger NK, eds. Women and Heart Disease. London: Martin Dunitz; 1997:21-38.

 

 

16. Lansky AJ, Hochman JS, Ward PA, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention and adjunctive pharmacotherapy in women: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2005;111:940-953.

 

 

17. American Diabetes Association. Consensus development conference on the diagnosis of coronary heart disease in people with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1551-1559.

 

 

18. McSweeney JC, Cody M, O’Sullivan P, Elberson K, Moser DK, Garvin BJ. Women’s early warning symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2003;108:2619-2623.

 

 

19. Chen W, Woods SL, Puntillo KA. Gender differences in symptoms associated with acute myocardial infarction: a review of the research. Heart Lung. 2005;34:240-247.

 

 

20. Milner KA, Funk M, Richards S, Wilmes RM, Vaccarino V, Krumholz HM. Gender differences in symptom presentation associated with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:396-399.

 

 

21. Atypical MI symptoms in women mean delays. ED Manag. 2005;17:6-8.

 

 

22. Abbott BG, Wackers FJ. Use of radionuclide imaging in acute coronary syndromes. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2003;5:25-31.

 

 

23. Goldman L, Kirtane AJ. Triage of patients with acute chest pain and possible cardiac ischemia: the elusive search for diagnostic perfection. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:987-995.

 

 

24. Storrow AB, Gibler WB. Chest pain centers: diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;35:449-461.

 

 

25. Sheifer SE, Manolio TA, Gersh BJ. Unrecognized myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:801-811.

 

 

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26. Kannel WB, Abbott RD. Incidence and prognosis of unrecognized myocardial infarction: an update on the Framingham study.  N Engl J Med. 1984;311:1144-1147.

 

 

27. Jesse RL, Kontos MC. Evaluation of chest pain in the emergency department. Curr Probl Cardiol. 1997;22:149-236.

 

 

28. Ornato JP. Chest pain emergency centers: improving myocardial infarction care. Clin Cardiol. 1999;22(suppl):IV3-IV9.

 

 

29. Abbott BG, Wackers FJTh. The role of radionuclide imaging in the triage of patients with chest pain in the emergency department. Rev Port Cardiol. 2000;19(suppl I):53-61.

 

 

30. Stowers SA, Eisenstein EL, Wackers FJTh, et al. An economic analysis of an aggressive diagnostic strategy with single photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging and early exercise stress testing in emergency department patients who present with chest pain but nondiagnostic electrocardiograms: results from a randomized trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;35:17-25.

 

 

31. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ôunpuu S, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364:937-952.

 

 

32. Greenland P, Knoll MD, Stamler J, et al. Major risk factors as antecedents of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease events. JAMA. 2003;290:891-897.

 

 

33. Gierach GL, Johnson BD, Bairey Merz CN, et al. Hypertension, menopause, and coronary artery disease risk in the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:50S-58S.

 

 

34. Brochu M, Poehlman ET, Ades PA. Obesity, body fat distribution, and coronary artery disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2000;20:96-108.

 

 

35. Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Gail MH. Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA. 2005;293:1861-1867.

 

 

36. Legrys VA. Coronary heart disease in women and the role of the laboratory. Clin Lab Sci. 1999;12:246-251.

 

 

37. Van Pelt RE, Jankowski CM, Gozansky WS, Schwartz RS, Kohrt WM. Lower-body adiposity and metabolic protection in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:4573-4578.

 

 

38. Folsom AR, Kushi LH, Anderson KE, et al. Associations of general and abdominal obesity with multiple health outcomes in older women: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2117-2128.

 

 

39. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ôunpuu S, et al. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet. 2005;366:1640-1649.

 

 

40. Barnes PM, Schoenborn CA. Physical Activity Among Adults: United States, 2000. Advance Data From Vital and Health Statistics, No. 333; Hyattsville, Md: National Center for Health Statistics; 2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad333.pdf. Accessed January 24, 2006.

 

 

41. Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA. 2004;291:1238-1245.

 

 

42. NIDDKD. National Diabetes Statistics Fact Sheet: General Information and National Estimates on Diabetes in the United States, 2003. Bethesda, Md: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 2004.

 

 

43. Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486-2497.

 

 

44. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA. 2003;289:76-79.

 

 

45. Wilson PWF. Diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32(suppl 3):S89-S100.

 

 

46. Giri S, Shaw LJ, Murthy DR, et al. Impact of diabetes on the risk stratification using stress single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with symptoms suggestive of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2002;105:32-40.

 

 

47. Wackers FJTh, Young LH, Inzucchi SE, et al. Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic diabetic subjects: the DIAD study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1954-1961.

 

 

48. Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, Smith SC Jr, Lenfant C. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.

 

49. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002;288:2709-2716.

 

50. Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Hendel RC, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk stratification with stress single-photon emission computed tomography technetium-99m tetrofosmin imaging in patients with the metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:1538-1544.

 

 

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51. Goldenberg I, Jonas M, Tenenbaum A, et al. Current smoking, smoking cessation, and the risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary artery disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2301-2305.

 

 

52. Bairey Merz N. Assessment of patients at intermediate cardiac risk. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(suppl):2J-10J.

 

 

53. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Bairey Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110:227-239.

 

 

54. Mosca L, Appel LJ, Benjamin EJ, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Circulation. 2004;109:672-693.

 

 

55. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2003;107:499-511.

 

 

56. Khera A, McGuire DK, Murphy SA, et al. Race and Gender differences in C-reactive protein levels. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:464-469.

 

 

57. Heald CL, Fowkes FG, Murray GD, Price JF. Risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease associated with the ankle-brachial index: systematic review. Atherosclerosis. April 16, 2006. (Published online ahead of print.)

 

 

58. Albright CL, Cohen S, Gibbons L, et al. Incorporating physical activity advice into primary care: physician-delivered advice within the Activity Counseling Trial. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18:225-234.

 

 

59. McInnis KJ, Franklin BA, Rippe JM. Counseling for physical activity in overweight and obese patients. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67:1249-1256, 1266-1288.

 

 

60. Tormey SM, Malone CM, McDermott EW, O’Higgins NJ, Hill AD. Current status of combined hormone replacement therapy in clinical practice. Clin Breast Cancer. 2006;6(suppl 2):S51-S57.

61. Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, et al. ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:2092-2197.

 

 

62. Raggi P. Role of electron-beam computed tomography and nuclear stress testing in cardiovascular risk assessment. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(suppl):20J-27J.

 

 

63. Escolar E, Weigold G, Fuisz A, Weissman NJ. New imaging techniques for diagnosing coronary artery disease. Can Med Assoc J. 2006;174:487-495.

 

 

64. Gulati M, Pandey DK, Arnsdorf MF, et al. Exercise capacity and the risk of death in women: the St James Women Take Heart Project. Circulation. 2003;108:1554-1559.

 

 

65. Senior R, Monaghan M, Becher H, Mayet J, Nihoyannopoulos P. Stress echocardiography for the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease: a critical appraisal. Heart. 2005;91:427-436.

 

66. Cuocolo A, Acampa W, Imbriaco M, De Luca N, Iovino GI, Salvatore M. The many ways to myocardial perfusion imaging. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;49:4-18.

 

 

67. Gould KL. Positron emission tomography in the routine management of coronary artery disease. Business Briefing: US Cardiology. 2006:122-128. Available at: http://www.touchcardiology.com/articles.cfm?article_id=552&level=2.  

 

 

68. Gulati M, McBride PE. Functional capacity and cardiovascular assessment: submaximal exercise testing and hidden candidates for pharmacologic stress. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(suppl):11J-19J.

 

 

69. Hendel RC, Bateman TM, Cerqueira MD, et al. Initial clinical experience with regadenoson, a novel selective A2A agonist for pharmacologic stress single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:2069-2075.

 

 

70. Cerqueira MD. Pharmacologic stress versus maximal-exercise stress for perfusion imaging: which, when, and why? J Nucl Cardiol. 1996;3:S10-S14.

 

71. Bar Harbor Invitation Meeting 2000. J Nucl Cardiol. 2001;8:224-316.

 

 

72. Darrow MD. Ordering and understanding the exercise stress test. Am Fam Physician. 1999;59:401-410.

 

73. The Myocardial Perfusion Study Monthly Monitor. Malvern, Pa: Arlington Medical Resources Inc; 2005.

 

74. Levine MG, Ahlberg AW, Mann A, et al. Comparison of exercise, dipyridamole, adenosine, and dobutamine stress with the use of Tc-99m tetrofosmin tomographic imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 1999;6:389-396.

 

 

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